A Reallife Global Balance
An exact equilibration of the nucleon sums within the well-defined sets is one of the two standard representations of the artifactural differences of the genetic code. The unique global balance in Fig. 5 makes use of molecular residues of the amino acid standard blocks from an internal part of a protein and charged ions of side chains from the real-life environment of cytoplasm. The closed circle of the block Fig. 5 The real-life global balance of the genetic code. The nucleon sum of the...
References Tpi
Alberts B, Jonhson A, Lewis J, et al. 2002 Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing, New York Barabasi AL, Oltvai ZN 2004 Network biology understanding the cell's functional organization. Nat Rev Genetics 5 101-113 Baranov PV, Gurvich OL, Hammer AW, et al. 2003 Recode 2003. Nucleic Acids Res 31 87-89 Barbieri M 2003 The Organic Codes - An Introduction to Semantic Biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Baziuk VA, Sainz-Rojas J 2001 Catalysis of peptide formation by inorganic...
The Musical Code between Nature and Nurture
Ecosemiotic and Neurobiological Claims Abstract This contribution is about sense-making in music. In an attempt to bring together such diverging fields as semiotics and neurobiology, it argues for a processual approach to music, which conceives of 'music users' as organisms that 'cope' with their environment. It is a position which calls forth ecological and epistemological assumptions and which stresses the importance of a conception of music as dealt with rather than a static conception of...
The Neuroheuristic Paradigm
The biological laws of neuroscience developed in the nineteenth and twentieth century, as well as the construction of mathematical axioms, were derived from observations and pertaining to a priori knowledge. If, however, the observation is Fig. 1 Redrawing that partially reproduces a diagram of the brain fourteenth century illustrated on parchment illumination University Library, Cambridge Fig. 1 Redrawing that partially reproduces a diagram of the brain fourteenth century illustrated on...
A Virtual Global Balance
In our considerations below we deal with the free neutrally charged amino acid molecules. The second standard representation of the artifactural differences is an accurate superimposition of the decimal syntax onto equilibrated nucleon sums. The virtual global balance is illustrated in Fig. 6 we use the attribute virtual because of the imaginary borrowing . Both global equilibria have the same block-to-chain type, but the ways of balancing are different. The previous balance means that all the...
Introduction Srm
Signal transduction is required to allow the genome to selectively express a gene set in response to environmental changes. Specific chemical interactions between the environmental signals, first messengers, and the genome are not required in signal transduction, since a limited series of adaptors are capable of modifying genome expression. At the present stage of evolution, gene availability can be modulated by proteins belonging to the class of transcription factors. The interaction between...
The Ribonucleoprotein RNP World and Prebiotic Chemistry
Studies on cellular origins became more complicated when it was realized that DNA probably was not an early molecule. Deoxyribonucleotides are derived from ribonucleotides and DNA is vastly less reactive than RNA, not able to participate efficiently in metabolic reactions Orgel, 2002 . To the contrary, cellular RNAs are known to catalyze metabolic transformations - ribozymes, the most remarkable being the ribosomal peptidyl transferase activity Yusupov et al., 2001 . There is in vitro evidence...
Selective Scenarios for the Origin of Language
The issue of the origin of human language has provided fertile ground for speculation and alternative theories have been proposed Box 1 . Most of the theories that suggest a given context for the evolution of human language attempt to account for its functional role. Given that, functionally, all of these theories are more or less plausible, it is almost impossible to decide on their usefulness based only on this criterion. However, recent game theoretical research can help us evaluate various...
References Uwf
Anderson J.C., Wu N., Santoro S.W., Lakshman V., King D.S., and Schultz P.G., An expanded genetic code with a functional quadruplet codon, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101 20 , 75667571, 2004. Bollt E., Review of chaos communication by feedback control of symbolic dynamics, Inter. J. Bifur. Chaos, 13 2 , 269-283, 2003. Britten R.J., Forbidden synonymous substitutions in coding regions, Mol. Biol. Evol., 10 1 , 205220, 1993. Brown T.A., Genomes, 2nd edn, Wiley, New York, 2002. Cartwright J.,...
The Systematization Principle
The systematization principle of the genetic code is a rule that arranges a code calligramme. A calligramme was invented in 1914 by the French poet Guillaume Apollinaire 1980 . He arranged letters and words of his written texts in the two-dimensional space of a book sheet instead of a traditional line. Thereby he created the so-called calligrammes in which texts, semantics, visual images, and symmetries are joined together. A calligramme surpasses a common text in an information capacity and...
Evolutionary Neurogenetic Algorithm
We have developed a software framework called Evolutionary Neurogenetic Algorithm ENGA , which offers researchers a fine control over biological detail in their simulations. Our original intent was to create software with much potential for variability. That is, we wanted a piece of software which is general enough to allow for a wide range of experimentation but appears as a coherent system and does not fall apart into a loosest of unrelated pieces of code. This required careful specification...